RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS
AIR FORCE BOARD FOR CORRECTION OF MILITARY RECORDS
IN THE MATTER OF: DOCKET NUMBER: 02-03956
INDEX CODE: 126.00, 131.00
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX COUNSEL: NONE
XXXXXXXXXXX HEARING: YES
_________________________________________________________________
APPLICANT REQUESTS THAT:
1. His nonjudicial punishment under Article 15, Uniform Code of Military
Justice (UCMJ) effective 26 December 2001 be removed from his records.
2. His Unfavorable Information File (UIF) be removed from his records.
4. He receive Brigadier General Special Selection Board consideration.
5. He be reinstated into Wing Command Candidate status.
_________________________________________________________________
APPLICANT CONTENDS THAT:
His punishment was inappropriate because hypothermia, and the severe mental
impairment that resulted from it, were causal to the incident. As a
result, he was not cognizant of the consequences of his actions or of the
fact that he was doing anything wrong. The punishment did not account for
his lack of mental responsibility. The political context in which the
Article 15 was issued and the subsequent appeal denied, was not conducive
to impartial decision-making. The judge advocate’s conduct was
prejudicial.
On 31 October 2001, he succumbed to hypothermia while fly-fishing from an
inter-tube in an alpine lake in Colorado, drove a motor vehicle, and was
cited for Driving Under the Influence (DUI). He had purchased alcohol with
the intent of drinking it responsibly with a friend from out of town. He
drank prior to succumbing to hypothermia -- specifically: one ounce of
alcohol in soda consumed with two and a half hours remaining before his
departure. While submerged in waders to mid-chest level for two hours, his
body temperature dropped precipitously. His fishing partner authenticates
these facts.
After an hour and 15 minutes on the lake he was ready to exit, but did not
act on that inclination. Instead, he lost all awareness of his
deteriorating situation until the two-hour point, when he awoke from a
period of sleep. He recognized he was in trouble and slowly made his way
to shore. When he arrived on shore, it took considerable time to dress
down and stow his gear, where he came across the alcohol. He was shivering
uncontrollably, anxious about his impaired physical state, and got the
notion in his mind that “this will make me warm.” He was not cognizant at
all of the potential for intoxication, the intoxication that subsequently
occurred, or of the fact that he was doing something wrong. He was not
aware of his mental impairment or the fact that physiologically, he was in
danger. He departed shortly after and has no memory of the return trip
home. During his return, a motorist called in his tags for erratic
driving. Local police cued Air Force Security Personnel to stop his
vehicle at the base gate. He has no memory of his route to the base gate
and only vague and partial recollections of initial processing. It took
some time to even comprehend where he was and register the fact that what
was happening was real. It was, literally, like waking from a bad dream.
An argument can be made that hypothermia was foreseeable. But it is
important to note that his fishing partner, who also succumbed, is an
experienced alpine fisherman and former USMC winter survival instructor.
Both of them were lulled into a dangerous situation by an Indian Summer on
the Colorado plain that did not exist above 9000 feet. Their gear
prevented cold shock, but not debilitating heat loss over two hours.
His operational commander found the evidence he described mitigating and
was disposed towards a lesser punishment or set-aside. For this reason,
the operational commander makes no reference to the mishap in his
subsequent performance reports. His case, however, was decided by his
administrative chain of command. Recommendations from his operational
chain were legally prescribed. At best, his administrative chain possessed
no direct knowledge of his character or past performance. At worst, as
Director of Operations at Cheyenne Mountain, he was a principal adversary
in a long-term bureaucratic conflict that culminated one week prior to the
Article 15 decision. His intent is not to characterize the punishment
decision as vindictive, but it is fair to say without any disrespect, that
his relationship with administrative commanders was not one likely to
promote impartiality. His belief is that his relationship led to
abbreviated review and judgment of his case. Finally, the judge advocate’s
conduct was prejudicial. Key information was misrepresented and a
punishment decision secured before he had any knowledge of this fact or the
opportunity to respond.
In summary, he should have never fallen victim to these events. He should
have assessed the environment he was entering. He should have worn better
gear. He should have inspected his gear. He should have exited upon first
recognition of being overly cold. It was a bad decision to take alcohol.
Like most mishaps, this one resulted from a chain of misjudgments each of
which increased risk. It is his professional habit to step back from
situations and assess cumulative risk, but for some reason, he failed to do
so in this recreational context. With full acknowledgement of this
negligence, he respectfully requests the Board consider two questions:
1) Was commander discretion appropriate in consideration of his lack of
mental responsibility for the DUI? 2) Was the case fairly adjudicated?
An Article 15 is the standard institutional punishment for a DUI, but
consideration of mitigating circumstances and past duty performance is a
commander’s right and obligation with any non-judicial punishment decision.
The incident was not a willful breech of trust, but a single unfortunate
mishap in an otherwise exemplary twenty-two year career. Hypothermia was
causal. His actions as a result of hypothermia were completely unwitting.
Based on these facts and his leadership track record, his operational
commander was disposed towards a lesser punishment. Likewise, from the
standpoint of military law, a conviction was unlikely had this case gone to
a court-martial. In his view, both the organizational climate in which
this case was decided and the judge advocate’s conduct, compromised due
process. He believes a set-aside was warranted when the relevant facts
were scientifically established and the appropriate principles in military
case law identified.
In support of his request, applicant provides a personal statement and a
case information file in the form of two binders. Binder I contains a Case
Brief with documentary evidence with Tabs 1-10 and an incident replication
video and Binder II contains supplementary documentation with Tabs 1-12.
His complete submission, with Binders I and II, is at Exhibit A.
_________________________________________________________________
STATEMENT OF FACTS:
Information extracted from the Military Personnel Data System (MilPDS)
indicates the applicant’s Total Active Federal Military Service Date as 28
May 1980. He is currently serving on active duty in the grade of colonel,
with a date of rank and an effective date of 1 September 1998. He was
considered and not selected for promotion to the grade of brigadier general
by the BO702A brigadier general selection board that convened on 10 August
2002. He is scheduled to be considered for the BO703A brigadier general
selection board that is scheduled to convene on 18 August 2003.
On 5 Dec 01, the applicant was notified by his commander of his intent to
recommend imposition of nonjudicial punishment under Article 15 UCMJ. The
specific reason for this action was for driving while drunk, in violation
of Article 111, UCMJ. The specification alleged the applicant was in
physical control of a vehicle near the South Gate entrance to the United
States Air Force Academy on or about 31 October 2001 while his blood
alcohol concentration level was 0.10 or greater. He was advised of his
rights in this matter and acknowledged receipt of the notification on 17
Dec 01. After consulting counsel, the applicant waived his right to demand
trial by court-martial, accepted Article 15 proceedings, and provided
written and oral presentations to his commander. On 26 Dec 01, after
consideration of all the facts, his commander determined that he committed
the offense alleged and imposed a reprimand on the applicant. The
applicant appealed his punishment to the Numbered Air Force Commander. His
appeal was considered and denied on 29 Apr 02.
The following is a resume of the applicant's OPR profile:
PERIOD ENDING OVERALL EVALUATION
15 Apr 03 Meets Standards (MS)
30 Jun 02 MS
21 Feb 02 MS
21 Feb 01 MS
21 Feb 00 MS
09 Jun 99 MS
09 Jun 98 TRAINING REPORT
12 Aug 96 MS
02 Feb 96 MS
02 Feb 95 MS
The applicant has received two AF Form 709s, Promotion Recommendation
Forms, for the B0702A and B0703A Brigadier General Selection Boards and
received an overall recommendation of “Definitely Promote” and “Promote”
respectively. Additionally, the applicant’s record indicates he was
awarded the Defense Superior Service Medal (DSSM), during the year 2002;
Meritorious Service Medal, Fourth Oak Leaf Cluster, during the year 2000,
Distinguished Flying Cross and Air Medal, Third Oak Leaf Cluster during the
year 1991; Defense Meritorious Service Medal during the year 1987 and an
Air Force Commendation Medal during the year 1984.
_________________________________________________________________
AIR FORCE EVALUATIONS:
The BCMR Medical Consultant reviewed the application and recommends a legal
review. The BCMR Medical Consultant states that the applicant provides a
comprehensive, well-referenced review of the medical facts pertaining to
hypothermia due to environmental exposure. He has obtained authoritative
opinions from recognized experts in the medical aspects of hypothermia
confirming the plausibility of his contention and has provided objective
evidence in the form of an experiment demonstrating that the conditions he
reported he experienced caused significant hypothermia of sufficient degree
to affect cognitive functioning. The BCMR Medical Consultant states that
the applicant reportedly drank a small amount of alcohol during the first
30 minutes of water immersion while fishing. Alcohol exacerbates heat loss
and increases the risk for hypothermia when exposed to the cold, worsens
the degree of hypothermia, and also worsens the disturbance of mental
functioning inducted by hypothermia. Hypothermia progressively depresses
brain function. Ingestion of alcohol by someone who would otherwise know
better is felt to represent a plausible example of irrational behavior.
The rapid ingestion of the relatively large amount of alcohol at the time
the applicant reports would not manifest immediately, but rather over a
period of 30 to 60 minutes coinciding with the time he arrived at the base
gate. The replication experiment demonstrated he recovered to near normal
core body temperature by 90 minutes after entering his car (roughly 2 hours
after exiting the water), roughly the time he would have arrived at the
gate. The BCMR Medical Consultant concludes that the applicant has
provided clear evidence that his contention is medically plausible given
the events as presented. The BCMR Medical Consultant’s evaluation is at
Exhibit C.
AFLSA/JAJM recommends denial of applicant's request. JAJM states that the
imposing commander may set aside the punishment or any part thereof,
restoring any property, privileges, or rights affected by the set aside
portion of the punishment. A set aside is appropriate when the commander
believes that, under all circumstances of the case, the punishment has
resulted in clear injustice. Set aside action is not normally considered a
rehabilitation tool and commanders should not routinely set aside
punishment or use it as a reward for a member who merely avoids future
misconduct. Like an appeal, a member has no right to a personal
presentation. Unless it is shown that the commander’s findings were either
arbitrary or capricious, they should not be disturbed.
JAJM states that the applicant’s complaints about the role of the legal
office are without merit. As provided by Air Force instructions and the
Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM), before the applicant was offered the
Article 15 the legal office’s function was to consider whether the evidence
proved those facts and advise the commander accordingly. The applicant
condemns this practice as “prejudgment,” but does not dispute the test
results or the fact he was driving. The applicant criticizes the legal
office for both its investigation of his defense and the failure to provide
him with the result of that investigation. These critiques have no merit.
It is not the function of a legal office to prove a member’s defense; that
is for the member and his defense counsel. Because the applicant accepted
the Article 15 proceedings instead of demanding a trial by court-martial,
he vested the commander with the responsibility to decide, after
considering the applicant’s submission, whether applicant drove drunk. It
is abundantly clear that the applicant drove onto the Air Force Academy
with a blood alcohol concentration over 0.20, more than twice the legal
limit. There are defenses to drunk driving allegations. The applicant did
not deny driving the car or having a blood alcohol content twice the
permissible limit; instead the applicant alleges his judgment was impaired
the day he drove to the Academy drunk, and the impairment was beyond his
control. In essence he raises the affirmative defense of not being able to
form the intent to drive drunk as a result of intoxication, hypothermia or
a combination. No reported cases have been found involving a person
suffering from hypothermia who commits a crime, whether intoxicated or not.
Under the law, intoxication can be a defense under certain circumstances.
Voluntary intoxication is not a defense to drunk driving--it would be
somewhat ludicrous to say that an individual is not responsible for the
crime of drunk driving because he was voluntarily drunk. Involuntary
intoxication can be a defense to drunk driving only if the applicant did
not voluntarily ingest alcohol and his mental state rises to the level of
legal insanity. Involuntary intoxication usually exists when intoxication
occurs through force, fraud, or trickery of another or actual ignorance of
intoxicating character of a substance.
Hypothermia is not a recognized defense per se, states JAJM. It is
relevant in this case only to the extent that it created a severe mental
condition that left him unable to appreciate the nature and quality of his
act or the wrongfulness of his conduct. In other words, the hypothermia
must have made him legally insane. Similarly, the hypothermia cannot be
the result of a voluntary act on his part.
JAJM states that this application does not allege an error with the
process, only the result. The applicant wants to be absolved of his
responsibility. The BCMR is not intended to be a forum where a member can
litigate his case before a new audience, hoping this time for a more
favorable result. The applicant agreed that his commander would be the
fact-finder in his case, subject to an appeal to the Numbered Air Force
Commander. They were convinced the applicant committed the offense and
should be punished. Their decisions were reasonable and should not be
disturbed. A set aside should only be granted when the evidence
demonstrates an error or a clear injustice. It is JAJM’s opinion that the
basis of the applicant’s request for relief is insufficient to warrant
setting aside the Article 15 action, and does not demonstrate an equitable
basis for relief. The AFLSA/JAJM evaluation is at Exhibit D.
AFSLMO/AC recommends the application be denied. AFSLMO states that the Air
Force Chief of Staff’s policy is to remove from Command Candidate Lists any
officers who have an open Unfavorable Information File, to include those
officers who receive an Article 15 under the UCMJ. Applicant’s Article 15
was found to be legally sufficient, and was properly placed in his
selection record. As a result, there is no material or procedural error
with either his removal from the Wing Command Candidate List, or his
consideration for promotion by the CY02 Brigadier General Selection Board.
The AFSLMO/AC evaluation is at Exhibit E.
_________________________________________________________________
APPLICANT'S REVIEW OF AIR FORCE EVALUATIONS:
Applicant states that he has reviewed the BCMR Medical Consultant’s and
AFSLMO/AC evaluations and renders comment only on the AFLSA/JAJM
evaluation.
The applicant addresses two points regarding the AFLSA/JAJM advisory;
involuntary intoxication and due process. Applicant states that the legal
advisor concedes that involuntary intoxication is an affirmative defense.
However, “the science and the facts in this case do not support a
conclusion he was legally insane.” As indicated in his case summary, the
sheer irrationality of this episode is compelling evidence of severe mental
impairment and the fact that he could not appreciate the consequences of
his action. The notion that he would willfully put himself at such grave
risk to his life and risk the lives of others is not credible. His mentor
and colleagues of the past 25 years have emphasized in letters to the
Board, this episode was an unprecedented deviation from past behavior. He
has fully acknowledged his misjudgments that day, but it is also clear that
he had insidious help from nature. An external factor beyond his
recognition placed him beyond the point of self-help, and beyond the point
of cognition with respect to the consequences of his actions.
Applicant states that due process was compromised in that the JA in his
case introduced erroneous evidence, secured a punishment decision based on
that evidence before he was aware of the facts, and then blocked his
efforts to subsequently correct the record. Applicant states that there is
no question that the 21 Space Wing Commander, Peterson AFB, CO, relied upon
the JA’s evidence in his determination of non-judicial punishment. The
JA’s allegation that he deliberately misreported a temperature estimate to
enhance his case--in essence, that he had lied, is an assertion that would
influence any commander’s punishment decision.
Applicant states that the JAJM advisor concedes that involuntary
intoxication is an affirmative defense. The BCMR Medical Consultant offers
the first objective, institutional assessment of his state of mind during
the incident. Therefore, the Board must rule on involuntary intoxication
and due process. A favorable ruling on either issue is sufficient for
correction of the record. His complete submission, with attachments, is at
Exhibit G.
On 22 and 23 July 2003, applicant submitted additional supporting letters
from General ----, Mr. ------ , Mr. -----, and his most recent OPR for the
period 1 July 2002 through 15 April 2003. Applicant requested these
documents be placed in his original application at Binder I, Tabs 6I, 8H,
8J, and 10C.
_________________________________________________________________
THE BOARD CONCLUDES THAT:
1. The applicant has exhausted all remedies provided by existing law or
regulations.
2. The application was timely filed.
3. Insufficient relevant evidence has been presented to demonstrate the
existence of either an error or injustice warranting favorable action on
the applicant’s request for setting aside the nonjudicial punishment
imposed upon him under the provisions of Article 15 of the Uniform Code of
Military Justice (UCMJ); removal of his Unfavorable Information File (UIF)
from his records; he receive brigadier general special selection board
consideration and he be reinstated into Wing Command Candidate Status.
a. Applicant contends that: The punishment was inappropriate
because hypothermia, and the severe mental impairment that resulted from it
were causal to his incident. The applicant states that he succumbed to
hypothermia while fly-fishing from an inter-tube in an alpine lake in
Colorado. He states he purchased alcohol with the intent to drink
responsibly with a friend from out of town. He did drink prior to
succumbing to hypothermia--specifically: one ounce of alcohol in soda
consumed with two and a half hours remaining before departure. After an
hour and 15 minutes on the lake, he was ready to exit but did not act on
that inclination. Instead, he lost all awareness of his deteriorating
situation until the two-hour point, when he awoke from a period of sleep.
He recognized he was in trouble and when he arrived on shore, it took
considerable time to dress down and stow his gear, where he came across the
alcohol. He was shivering uncontrollably, anxious about his impaired
physical state, he got the notion in his mind that the alcohol would make
him warm. He was not cognizant at all of the potential for intoxication,
the intoxication that subsequently occurred, or the fact that he was doing
something wrong. He was not aware of his mental impairment or of the fact
that physiologically, he was in danger. He departed shortly after and has
no memory of the return trip home. He has no memory of his route to the
base gate and only vague and partial recollections of initial processing.
This incident was not a willful breech of trust, but a single unfortunate
mishap in an otherwise exemplary twenty-two year career.
b. The Board noted the opinion by the BCMR Medical Consultant
that the applicant’s contention is medically plausible. However, the
majority of the Board notes that the Medical Consultant states that
detailed studies addressing the cognitive function we call “judgment” in
relationship to mild hypothermia are not evident in the literature, but
irrational behavior and impaired judgment is consistently reported--the
basis for his contention. In addition, the Board majority also noted that
the applicant states he “self-admitted to the Life Skill Center for an
assessment and assistance,” however, the results were not available for our
review. Notwithstanding the opinion that the applicant’s contention is
medically plausible, the Board majority is not persuaded the evidence
supports his contention that his judgment was so impaired that he should
not be held responsible for his behavior.
c. The Associate Chief, Military Justice Division, recommends
denial of the request to set aside the nonjudicial punishment under Article
15, UCMJ. He advises, in part, that the applicant accepted nonjudicial
punishment proceedings. He knowingly, voluntarily and with the advice of
counsel, waived his right to demand a trial by court-martial. He knew he
would have the right to appeal the decision to the appellate authority. It
is the function of the finder-of-fact to weigh the evidence and reach a
reasonable conclusion. It was reasonable for the commander to conclude
that the weight of the evidence supported a finding that the applicant was
guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol. The Associate Chief,
Military Justice Division, further states that the applicant made his
election to resolve this issue in the nonjudicial forum after having been
advised that his commander would make the decision whether he had committed
the offense. He placed the responsibility with his commander to weigh all
the evidence, including the credibility of the various witnesses, and make
a decision, instead of demanding his right to trial by court-martial. The
applicant chose instead to handle the issue in the less formal nonjudicial
punishment forum, with its much less severe consequences. While different
fact finders may have come to a different conclusion, the commanders’
findings are neither arbitrary nor capricious and should not be disturbed.
d. With all that being said, we would like to point out that
upon the Board's review of the evidence, we found the 22 Space Wing Judge
Advocate's (SW/JA) interviews antagonistic. 22 SW/JA’s foregone approach
during their interviews demonstrated an antagonistic attitude toward the
individuals being questioned thus rendering, in our opinion, a disservice
to the commander. Nevertheless, the Board majority is not persuaded that
the contested Article 15 punishment should be removed. The Board
deliberated on the issue of whether the applicant’s contention that his
severe mental impairment due to hypothermia was causal to his DUI and as a
result he was not cognizant of the consequences of his actions. It is the
majority's opinion that the underlying misconduct that resulted in the
imposition of nonjudicial punishment on 26 December 2001, was indeed
unbecoming and unprofessional. The Article 15 was within legal limits,
appropriate for the offense, and does not appear unjust or
disproportionate. The Board majority notes that the applicant chose to
purchase and drink the bottle of vodka. We put credence in the fact that
as an Air Force Survival School graduate, he should have known not to drink
when exposed to cold temperatures-exacerbating heat loss and increasing the
risk for hypothermia. Nonetheless, despite his recognition that he was “in
trouble” when he arrived on shore, he continued to drink with the notion
that “this will make me warm.” Which brings us to the event that the
majority finds most troubling. Upon his detainment at the South Gate
entrance, the applicant twice asked the security policeman if there is any
way he could let him go. Upon the security policeman’s reluctance, the
applicant begins to advise him that he is a highly decorated officer who
has served in wartime operations and is up for wing commander and if there
was a way he could drive him home so all this could be forgotten. The
majority of the board believes that this type of reasoning negates the
argument that he was not cognizant of the consequences of his actions.
4. In view of the above, the Board majority is unable to conclude with
sufficient certainty on the basis of the evidence provided that hypothermia
induced the applicant’s suspension of his consciousness thus rendering him
unable to think rationally. After reviewing all the evidence provided, we
agree that the actions by the Air Force authorities were appropriate and
conclude that the applicant has failed to sustain his burden of
establishing existence of either an error or injustice. The Board majority
believes that the decision to remove the applicant from the wing command
candidate list, and establish a UIF were the direct result of the
aforementioned Article 15 action.
5. The applicant’s case is adequately documented and it has not been shown
that a personal appearance with or without counsel will materially add to
our understanding of the issues involved.
_________________________________________________________________
THE BOARD RECOMMENDS THAT:
A majority of the panel finds insufficient evidence of error or injustice
and recommends the application be denied.
_________________________________________________________________
The following members of the Board considered AFBCMR Docket Number BC-2002-
03956, under the provisions of AFI 36-2603:
Mrs. Barbara A. Westgate, Chair
Mr. Vaughn E. Schlunz, Member
Ms. Carolyn B. Willis, Member
By a majority vote, the Board recommended disapproval of the applicant's
requests. Ms. Willis voted to grant and agrees with the BCMR Medical
Consultant’s evaluation.
The following documentary evidence was considere1d for AFBCMR Docket Number
02-03956:
Exhibit A. DD Form 149, dated 22 Nov 02, w/atchs.
Exhibit B. Applicant's Master Personnel Records.
Exhibit C. Letter, BCMR Medical Consultant, dated 12 Mar 03.
Exhibit D. Letter, AFLSA/JAJM, dated 9 Apr 03.
Exhibit E. Letter, AFSLMO/AC, dated 9 Jun 03.
Exhibit F. Letter, SAF/MRBR, dated 20 Jun 03.
Exhibit G. Letter, Applicant, dated 20 Jul 03, w/atchs.
BARBARA A. WESTGATE
Chair
MEMORANDUM FOR THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, AIR FORCE BOARD
FOR CORRECTION OF MILITARY RECORDS (AFBCMR)
SUBJECT: AFBCMR Application of XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
I have carefully reviewed the evidence of record and the
recommendation of the Board members. A majority found that the applicant
had not provided sufficient evidence of error or injustice and recommended
the case be denied. I concur with that finding and their conclusion that
relief is not warranted. Accordingly, I accept their recommendation that
the application be denied.
Please advise the applicant accordingly.
JOE G. LINEBERGER
Director
Air Force Review Boards
Agency
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